tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66851553777054818332024-03-12T19:43:59.281-04:00Middle Class Political EconomistI grew up in a middle-class family, the first to go to college full-time and the first to earn a Ph.D. The economic policies of the last 40 years have reduced the middle class's security, and this blog is a small contribution to reversing that.Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.comBlogger378125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-18505782055732416612022-05-21T18:15:00.000-04:002022-05-21T18:15:21.971-04:00Join our Team, Help Change the World<p><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-size: medium;">Today I have a guest post from my colleague Arlene Martinez, Deputy Executive Director and Communications Director of Good Jobs First.</span></span><br /></p><p> </p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Arlene here, with the latest dispatch from my favorite workplace (and it could be yours too —we’re hiring!).</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">But first</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">,
our Executive Director Greg LeRoy testified, along with Amazon Labor
Union President Christian Smalls and Teamsters General President Sean
O’Brien, during a Senate Budget Committee Chair hearing on whether
companies that violate labor laws should be debarred from federal
contracts.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Here’s what LeRoy said in part: </span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">“When
a company violates workers’ rights to freely organize a union, that
contradicts a fundamental idea within economic development and public
procurement: that public dollars should always serve to raise living
standards and reduce inequality, and they should never be used to
suppress wages and benefits and exacerbate inequality. Otherwise, why
should we collectively favor a company with subsidies or contracts? Why
should we pay a company to make inequality worse?” </span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Read his full <a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/blog/should-taxpayer-dollars-go-companies-violate-labor-laws" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;">testimony</a>. Here’s the <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/bernie-sanders-slams-amazoncom-chairman-senate-hearing-2022-05-05/" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;">Reuters story</a> on the hearing.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Seeking Project Coordinator to Lead our Work on “Defending the Public Against Corporate Tax Breaks”</span></b></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Good Jobs First is hiring a </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Project
Coordinator responsible for a project that uses a database, reports and
technical assistance to document how much revenue government bodies are
losing to corporate tax breaks. </span> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The project, </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Defending the Public Good against Corporate Tax Breaks</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">,
is powered by a recent change in government-accounting rules. For the
first time ever, most local and state governments, including school
districts, must now report each year how much revenue they lose to
corporate tax breaks granted in the name of economic development.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Analysis
of the data has confirmed that in some communities, schools in poor
areas lose the most revenue to economic development subsidies, and those
student populations are often Black and brown. In other places, our
analyses have found growth being subsidized in affluent areas, meaning
limited public dollars are being wasted to fuel development that would
have taken place even without the subsidies. </span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">If
you love data, like to see it put into action, and believe good public
education should be available to every student no matter where they
live, this role might be perfect for you.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Find all the details, including how to apply, <a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/blog/wanted-project-coordinator-defending-public-good-against-corporate-tax-breaks" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;">here</a>.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">The Trouble With South Carolina </span></span></b></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">South
Carolina’s public schools reported $534 million in revenues lost to
corporate tax abatements in FY 2021, an increase of 65% compared to just
four years earlier. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">In fact, in the five years such reporting has been required, South Carolina schools have lost a total of $2.2 billion. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">That’s
real money — and real implications for students every day. We talked
about the problem, along with solutions (let school boards have a say
when counties try to give away education funding!).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">Watch the discussion on </span></span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/59145902115/posts/10158363941577116/" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Facebook</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">, </span></span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0qNVKlZZwI" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">YouTube</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">, or </span></span><a href="https://twitter.com/GoodJobsFirst/status/1526563710768062465" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Twitter</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">. And in case you missed the report, check it out </span></span><a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/news/releases/sc-public-schools-lost-534m-corporate-tax-breaks-fy-2021" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">here</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">Want to stay involved in efforts to get some transparency in South Carolina? Sign up </span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/SCActionNow" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">here</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: black;"> and we’ll keep you posted.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">EV Manufacturers: Don’t be Like Tesla </span></b></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Who
are Canoo, Fisker, Rivian and Lucid? We’ve been frequently contacted
lately as unproven electric vehicle companies shake down communities for
billions of dollars in subsidies. </span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">The
biggest so far is Rivian, the Amazon-backed company that got a package
worth $1.5 billion (and counting) in Georgia. At a per-job cost of
$200,000, there’s no way the state can ever break even, LeRoy told the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/technology-business-georgia-atlanta-electric-vehicles-172bfd6fcd2db913fb11532ab57ba6b7" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;">Associated Press</a>:
“There’s no way that the average worker in this place is going to pay
$200,000 more in state and local taxes [than public services they and
their families consume].” (Rivian shares spiked at $179 last fall when
it went public and are down 84% since.)</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">But Madeline Janis, a <i>Forbes</i>
contributor and executive director of the nonprofit Jobs to Move
America (and Good Jobs First board member), says the EV companies can
use the public support for good. Up-and-coming companies needn’t act
like Tesla, a workplace rife with allegations of racism and otherwise
running afoul of labor laws. They can set the tone for a new type of
good job, she writes.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">“Companies
like Tesla that represent the future shouldn’t be stuck in the past
with hostile, dangerous working conditions at their manufacturing
plants. Instead, taxpayers should be rewarding companies that use our
tax dollars to create good jobs and training programs that create a
pipeline of skilled workers, which in turn improves the lives of these
workers and their communities.” </span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;">Read the full column at <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/madelinejanis/2022/04/28/electric-vehicle-manufacturers-dont-be-like-tesla/?sh=57546f332f2b" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;">Forbes</a>.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: #121414;">And ICYMI:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: #121414;"> LeRoy wrote about the right way to do EV incentives for <a href="https://nonprofitquarterly.org/green-new-deal-or-stale-old-tax-break-scam-getting-electric-vehicle-incentives-right/" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #121414;">Nonprofit Quarterly</span></a>.
States and localities can, by not centering corporate interests, play a
significant role in advancing a green economy with equity. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: #121414;">Before
I go, one last thing: Good Jobs First is part of a coalition working to
end the use of non-disclosure agreements (NDAs), those things that let
companies shake down communities for ever-higher economic development
subsidies <i>completely in secret</i>. Learn more about our effort at </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><a href="https://bansecretdeals.org/" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #121414;">bansecretdeals.org</span></a><span style="color: #121414;">. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: #121414;">Know of a project using an NDA in your area? We'd love to </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><a href="https://bansecretdeals.org/secret-deal/" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #121414;">hear about it</span></a><span style="color: #121414;">.</span> </span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="color: #121414;">Until next time.</span></span></span></span></p><p> </p>Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-26276076300965509312022-05-19T07:07:00.000-04:002022-05-19T07:07:05.942-04:00New Study Shows South Carolina Schools are the "Biggest Losers" to Tax Incentive<p> A major <a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/news/releases/sc-public-schools-lost-534m-corporate-tax-breaks-fy-2021">new study</a> by my colleagues at Good Jobs First found that of any state in the Union, South Carolina schools lose the most to tax incentives. The total in fiscal year (FY) 2021 came to $534 million, 65% more than the first year school districts were required to report their losses to other governments' tax abatements (FY 2017). In South Carolina's case, it is counties which decide on tax incentives and school districts have no say-so, even though property tax abatements usually cost the schools five or six times as much money as they do the counties.</p><p>Five or six times as much! Not only did you read that right, but it is actually typical in most states that a municipal government can harvest tax revenues from other taxing jurisdictions.</p><p>This study and its <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/09/report-shows-huge-cost-of-tax-breaks-to.html">predecessors</a> was made possible by the 2015 introduction by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) of Statement #77, which requires that governments that passively lose tax revenue to other districts must report those losses, in addition to being reported by the government that actively creates the tax incentives. With five years of reports now in the books, this has created a treasure trove of data.</p><p>Over those five years, school districts in South Carolina have lost a total of $2.2 billion.</p><p>The biggest loser in the state was Berkeley County school district, which lost $84 million in FY 2021, third highest in the nation. Only the Hillsborough 1j district in Oregon and Philadelphia City Schools lost more than that. South Carolina's biggest losers had higher than average poverty rates, in a state with above-average poverty.</p><p>By contrast, 2% raises for every teacher in the Berkeley County district would cost $4.5 million, according to the report.</p><p>What can be done? The report recommends safeguarding school districts from tax abatements, mandating advanced disclosure of proposed tax incentives to enable public discussion, requiring counties to make company-specific disclosure to make proper evaluation of such deals, and performing audits of each tax break program to ensure it is working as intended.</p><p>Such reforms are only common sense, but lack of transparency hampers discussion of subsidies in many areas of the country. The introduction of GASB Statement #77 is helping bring that transparency to debates on tax incentives.<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-41035988158511996142021-11-26T01:19:00.002-05:002021-11-26T01:19:48.912-05:00New "Taxcast" focuses on Tax Haven Ireland<p> The newest edition of <a href="https://taxjustice.net/2021/11/25/tax-haven-ireland-the-tax-justice-network-podcast-november-2021/">The Taxcast</a> just dropped, and it's (almost) all about one of my favorite countries, Ireland. You remember Ireland, that proud adopter of the euro that was forced to undergo terrible austerity policies during the Great Recession because it couldn't devalue. It suffered six years of <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2017/02/meanwhile-back-in-ireland.html">net emigration</a>, literally exporting its unemployment elsewhere and making its <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2013/08/annals-of-austerity-fail-eurozone-redux.html">unemployment rate look smaller</a> than it would have otherwise. Meanwhile, currency-devaluing, banker-jailing <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2017/02/meanwhile-back-in-ireland.html">Iceland</a> ran rings around Ireland's performance on employment.</p><p>This month's Taxcast interviews the authors of a new book, <i>Tax Haven Ireland</i>, Kieran Allen (University College Dublin) and Brian O Boyle (St. Angela's College). They show how establishing Ireland as a tax haven, including through the creation of the International Financial Services Centre, has undermined democracy and public services in the Republic. Allen and O Boyle discuss how Ireland's niche with U.S. multinationals has changed somewhat in recent years, with a shift away from manufacturing toward services to tech giants like Amazon and, of course, <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/07/apple-skates-on-irish-taxes-for-now.html">Apple</a>. As they point out, one of the new ways of being relevant to the tech firms was to host data centers, despite the fact that these operations typically consume gigantic amounts of electricity while creating jobs numbering in the dozens. Meanwhile, the country is looking at power blackouts this winter. This is just one of the many contradictions of the Irish economic strategy Allen and O Boyle illustrate.</p><p>The Taxcast also reports on Tax Justice Network's new "State of Tax Justice" report, which estimates that tax havens are costing nations globally a minimum of $483 billion in tax revenue annually. That is three times the cost of fully vaccinating everyone against Covid. It also discusses how the rich-state members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) are responsible for 3/4 of these tax losses, so it might make more sense to move tax haven work away from the OECD and into the United Nations.</p><p>If you prefer reading to listening, you can find the transcript <a href="https://taxjustice.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/TaxcastTranscript_Nov_21.pdf">here</a>. <br /></p><p><br /></p>Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-1262527946744963202021-10-25T23:14:00.001-04:002021-10-25T23:14:40.278-04:00New research tool puts spotlight on company law-breaking in the UK<p></p><p>My colleagues at <a href="goodjobsfirst.org">Good Jobs First</a> have created a new database to track company regulatory violations in the United Kingdom. <a href="http://violationtrackeruk.org">Violation Tracker UK</a> joins the domestic US <a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/violation-tracker">Violation Tracker</a> as a way for a variety of users to track down information on corporate misdeeds dating back to 2010 in most cases.</p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“We hope that
Violation Tracker UK will, like its U.S. counterpart, be helpful to a wide
range of users, especially those seeking to reform corporate</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> behavior</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">,” said Good Jobs First Research Director
Philip Mattera, who leads the work on the database. </span></p>
<p></p><p>The free tool allows users to search by company (with parents matched to subsidiaries), headquarters nation, type of offense, amount of fines, regulatory agency involved, etc. It lets researchers get a rapid overview of the determinations of over 40 agencies.</p><p>Some highlights: The largest amount of fines, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">£4.5 billion, has been levied in the financial service industry. Aerospace firms (mainly Airbus) accounted for £1.6 billion in penalties and telecommunications (primarily the now-defunct Nortel) came in at £1.2 billion.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Competition related violations account for <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">£5.2 billion in fines, and </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">£2.8 billion have been assessed for financial offenses. Good Jobs First points out that due to heavy use of warnings rather than financial penalties, health (</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">£413 million) and environmental (</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">£312 million) violations have been much less heavily penalized. </span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">UK readers in particular, check out Violation Tracker UK! Its predecessors, Subsidy Tracker and Violation Tracker, have been used in the statistical analyses of more than 40 academic papers or Ph.D. dissertations worldwide. You will find high-quality data at your fingertips, and a way to help keep track of corporate scofflaws.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><!--[if gte mso 10]>
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<![endif]--></p>Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-23154210444881681882021-10-06T16:09:00.000-04:002021-10-06T16:09:00.592-04:00Ford Announces Giant Electric Vehicle Plant in Western Tennessee<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">On September 27, Ford Motor Company
announced plans to invest $5.6 billion at the Memphis Regional Megasite in
Stanton, Tennessee, to build an electric vehicle (EV) assembly and battery
plant, jointly with SK Innovation. The facility, dubbed “Blue Oval City” by
Ford (in a reference to its corporate logo), is projected to employ 5,800
people as Ford makes its first big foray into EV production. The same week,
Ford and SK Innovation revealed plans for two more battery plants in Glendale,
Kentucky, south of Louisville, at an estimated cost of $5.8 billion.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Together with all the other
recently announced investments in EV manufacturing, Ford’s new project
highlights the commercial success of electric vehicles. But if you’re like me,
you want to know about the subsidies it received. Glad you asked!</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">The short answer is that we have
only partial information so far. As with the </span><a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/sites/default/files/docs/pdf/nissan_report.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Nissan plant</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> in Canton,
Mississippi, or the deal made by </span><a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2011/09/wooing-of-electrolux-by-memphis.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Memphis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> for Electrolux in
2011, there will doubtless be multiple subsidies whose details will come out
long after the initial announcements. That said, what we know already is
ominous.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">First, the state of Tennessee has
pledged </span><a href="https://www.bizjournals.com/memphis/news/2021/09/27/ford-to-invest-billions-memphis-regional-megasite.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">over $500 million</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> to be given as a
grant to the two companies; it will be voted on in a special legislative
session in the near future. </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">From there, adding up the
incentives becomes more difficult. The Memphis Regional Megasite is a subsidy
in itself: 3,600 acres (about 5.6 square miles) with dedicated infrastructure.
Tennessee </span><a href="https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/money/business/development/2021/10/01/stanton-tn-new-ford-blue-oval-city-plant-deal-memphis/5916166001/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Governor Bill Lee</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (R) said that
over $200 million has already been invested in the Megasite.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">The biggest incentive is likely to
be electricity discounts: Blue Oval City will get power from the federally owned
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Electric vehicle and battery manufacturing
are energy-intensive, and large rate discounts over the life of the facilities will
add up. Hundreds of millions of dollars is a certainty, and it is easy to
imagine the electricity subsidy alone totaling billions. Don’t believe me? Check
out the Alcoa Aluminum plant in Massena, New York, where hydro-power discounts are
saving the company </span><a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/megadeals"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">$5.6 billion</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> over 30 years, now
the largest subsidy ever given in the United States for a single project (with
Boeing’s $8.7 billion Washington State deal withdrawn </span><a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2021/06/united-states-and-european-union-agree.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">in a WTO
settlement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">).</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">The state will also establish a
satellite campus of the Tennessee College of Applied Technology (TCAT) at the
location, part of an </span><a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">$80 million</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> investment into
the TCAT system.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Finally, there is no information
available yet on local subsidies. Property tax breaks (called PILOTs in
Tennessee when a public entity technically retains ownership of the project) and
sales tax exemptions are likely to add many millions more to the incentive
package.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">What is the final number likely to
be? My guess is over a billion dollars, but the question is how much over.
We’ll see, eventually. If we’re lucky.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><p>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Cross-posted with <a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/blog">Good Jobs First</a>.</span></p><p><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Thanks to my colleagues Greg LeRoy and Kasia Tarczynska for helpful editorial suggestions.<br /></span></p>Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-62256717130817065672021-09-25T14:43:00.000-04:002021-09-25T14:43:13.633-04:00New "Taxcast" Examines Finance vs. the Environment<p> The newest edition of the "Taxcast" podcast takes on two big environmental topics this month. First, John Christensen of the Tax Justice Network discusses with host Naomi Fowler how high levels of financialization of an economy degrades the environment.</p><p>Second, an even more challenging question is whether growth itself is now threatening the environment and, if so, what to do about it. Anthropologist Jason Hickel tackles this issue in his segment of the Taxcast.</p><p>Both segments are well worth your time. If you, like me, prefer to spend less time and read the transcript, see the link below.</p><p><a href="https://www.thetaxcast.com/degrowth-liberation-from-growthism-114/">Taxcast podcast</a></p><p><a href="https://taxjustice.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Transcript_September_21_Taxcast.pdf">Transcript</a> <br /></p>Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-38004314887102761162021-06-25T14:49:00.000-04:002021-06-25T14:49:47.997-04:00United States and European Union Agree to End Tariff War Over Subsidies to Boeing and Airbus
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">On June 15<sup>th</sup>, the United
States and the European Union </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/15/business/US-EU-Airbus-Boeing.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">announced</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> an agreement to
finally solve their decades-long dispute over subsidies given to Boeing and
Airbus. This was followed by a </span><a href="https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2021/june/fact-sheet-us-uk-understanding-cooperative-framework-large-civil-aircrafts"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">parallel agreement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> with the United
Kingdom on June 17<sup>th</sup>, since the UK is part of the Airbus consortium,
but has exited the European Union.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">The accord provides for a five-year
truce on the </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/13/business/economy/boeing-europe-tariffs-trade.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">WTO-approved
tariff war</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">
between the two sides. In 2019, the World Trade Organization gave the United
States permission to impose tariffs on $7.5 billion worth of EU exports per
year due to its subsidies to Airbus. Then in 2020, the WTO approved countervailing
EU tariffs on $4 billion of U.S. exports due to subsidies to Boeing. </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Biden administration and the
European Union agreed to a </span><a href="https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=2275"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">four-month halt</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> to these tariffs
in March; they had cost EU exporters $2.2 billion and U.S. exporters $1.1
billion in 2019-20. The five-year cease-fire is the fruit of negotiations
between the two parties since then, which concluded with two days of
discussions in Brussels between U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai and European
Commission Executive Vice-President Valdis Dombrovskis, the Commissioner for
Trade.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">The agreement establishes a working
group, chaired by Tai and Dombrovskis, that will make concrete proposals to
ensure that both sides provide financing to their large civil aircraft (LCA)
manufacturer only on market terms and not provide subsidies via research and
development programs. These principles will apply to all levels of government,
including state and local.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">I liked the last point of the main
agreement: “8. The two sides will continue to confer on addressing outstanding
support measures.” In other words, as I suggested in </span><a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/10/update-on-boeing-subsidies.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">another blog</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">, Boeing continues
to enjoy “favorable tax treatment,” as Governor Jay Inslee </span><a href="https://www.governor.wa.gov/news-media/inslee-statement-boeings-decision-move-787-production-south-carolina"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">put it</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">, in Washington
state, which may need to be adjusted going forward. In addition, while the Evergreen
State’s subsidies for 787 production were ended early and 777X subsidies were
canceled in advance, Boeing may well have subsidies in South Carolina,
Missouri, or Kansas that might need to be addressed in this phase.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">In addition, the European Union and
United States will work together against non-market intervention in the <a style="mso-comment-date: 20210624T1108; mso-comment-reference: GL_1;"><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 2;">LCA</span></a></span><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 2;"><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a class="msocomanchor" href="#_msocom_1" id="_anchor_1" name="_msoanchor_1"></a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"></span></span></span></span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a class="msocomanchor" href="#_msocom_2" id="_anchor_2" name="_msoanchor_2"></a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> market by other
countries (read: China). This is consistent with President Biden’s actions to
repair relationships with U.S. allies and rally as many of them as possible to
a shared struggle against Beijing.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">If</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> this truce holds,
it would finally bring an end to the longest-running dispute of the WTO era.
The United States filed its first complaint against Airbus subsidies in 2004,
while the European Union filed a complaint against U.S. subsidies to Boeing the
following year. While 17 years is already a long time, in fact </span><a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/02/wow-boeing-asks-for-end-of-washington.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">the original slate
of WTO agreements</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">
in 1995 was supposed to have a Boeing-Airbus agreement within it. Indeed, my
personal copy of the draft legislation for Congress to approve joining the WTO,
which I received from the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, has a page
marked where that agreement was expected to be placed. </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">But it didn’t happen then. No
agreement was reached moving into the new century, and then the WTO complaints
were filed. Now, at last, the dispute has been stopped and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">may be on the
verge of solution. Moreover, subsidies in Washington have been stopped (though
not repaid), subsidies in other states will draw more scrutiny, and in the
future Boeing will not be in a situation to shake down states for billions of
dollars.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a style="mso-comment-date: 20210624T1353; mso-comment-reference: KT_5;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Cross-posted</span></a><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a class="msocomanchor" href="#_msocom_5" id="_anchor_5" name="_msoanchor_5"></a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> from <a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/blog/us-and-eu-agree-end-tariff-war-over-subsidies-boeing-and-airbus">Good Jobs First</a>.</span></p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Thanks to my Good Jobs First colleague Greg LeRoy for suggesting this topic and making valuable editorial suggestions.<br /></span></p>
Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-79994370921456070092021-06-12T04:32:00.001-04:002021-06-12T18:03:32.498-04:00Big week on the tax reform front<p> <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/05/us/politics/g7-global-minimum-tax.html">Tax</a> has <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/opinion/politics/irs-tax-evasion-geithner-lew-paulson-summers-rubin.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage">been</a> in the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/us/politics/propublica-taxes-jeff-bezos-elon-musk.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage">news</a> a lot in the past <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/jun/10/trevor-noah-on-billionaire-tax-loopholes">week</a>. With good reason, since "Taxes are what we pay for a civilized society," as U.S. Supreme Court Justice <a href="https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/taxes/pages/taxes-society.aspx">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a> eloquently put it. There are three main elements to fixing taxes, and there have been big developments in all of them. In this post, I want to look at all three together to show the breadth of the problems with taxation in the United States.</p><p>The first two lie in the realm of what's "perfectly legal," as the title of David Cay Johnston's <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/291700/perfectly-legal-by-david-cay-johnston/">2005 best-seller</a> so aptly put it. The third, of course, is tax evasion.<br /></p><p>The first, corporate tax avoidance, saw a huge development June 5th as the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/05/us/politics/g7-global-minimum-tax.html">Group of Seven</a> agreed to a U.S. proposal (thanks, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/07/opinion/yellens-new-alliance-against-leprechauns.html">Janet Yellen</a>!) for a 15% minimum corporate income tax. This would make it irrelevant that so much corporate income is "earned," via <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2011/11/how-transfer-pricing-hurts-middle-class.html">transfer pricing</a>, in tax havens. There are still some details to work out, and it has to pass Congress, but a bill on taxation should be subject to the Senate's reconciliation procedure, allowing it to pass with a simple majority. According to the Biden administration's budget, this should yield an average of $50 billion a year in new tax revenue over the next 10 years.</p><p>The second area needing reform is individual tax avoidance. On June 8, <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/the-secret-irs-files-trove-of-never-before-seen-records-reveal-how-the-wealthiest-avoid-income-tax">Pro Publica</a> released what it called the first installment of "The Secret IRS Files," data on thousands of the country's richest individuals over more than 15 years that show how they legally get away with paying tiny amounts of tax even as their wealth increases by billions of dollars. Jeff Bezos of Amazon paid no federal income tax in either 2007 or 2011, and he even took a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/08/us/politics/income-taxes-bezos-musk-buffett.html">$4000 child tax credit</a> in 2011 because he had <a href="https://twitter.com/TheDailyShow/status/1402958976505974793">no income</a>.</p><p>Pro Publica calculated a "true tax rate" for each of the 25 wealthiest individuals in the United States. This metric equals tax paid divided by growth in wealth for the year. For the top 25 as a whole, over the five years 2014-2018, their wealth increased by $401 billion. However, they only paid $13.6 billion in income taxes for those five years, for a true tax rate of just 3.4%. The two worst offenders both had rates less than 1%: Warren Buffett at 0.10% and Jeff Bezos at 0.98%.<br /></p><p>The biggest problem making tax avoidance so easy for the rich is that income tax can only be charged, thanks to the U.S. Supreme Court decision <i>Eisner v. Macomber</i> (1920), when <a href="https://www.propublica.org/article/the-secret-irs-files-trove-of-never-before-seen-records-reveal-how-the-wealthiest-avoid-income-tax">assets are sold</a>, not when they increase in value. This is a problem because, as <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2014/08/understanding-piketty-part-4.html">Thomas Piketty discusses</a> in <i>Capital in the Twenty-first Century</i>, unrealized capital gains are income in an economic sense, and not taxing them makes it impossible to carry out a truly progressive income tax. This leads to the need for a tax on capital. As he puts it, "...only a direct tax on capital can correctly gauge the contributive capacity of the wealthy" (p. 525).</p><p>But wait, there's more! What happens if a rich person doesn't sell the stock they own? When they die, the heirs get to have a new cost basis for the stock, equal to the price on the decedent's death, so no tax gets paid on the increase in value at all. This is called the "step-up basis of capital gains on death," and all by itself it is <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/131/Tax-Expenditures-FY2022.pdf">estimated</a> to cost the federal government $40.26 billion in FY 2022, not to mention the smaller additional amount for states with state income taxes. Since <a href="https://www.urban.org/policy-centers/cross-center-initiatives/state-and-local-finance-initiative/projects/state-and-local-backgrounders/individual-income-taxes">state individual income tax revenues</a> came to $390 billion in 2018 versus $1.718 trillion of <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-taxes-revenue-explainer/explainer-the-4-trillion-u-s-government-relies-on-individual-taxpayers-idUSKBN26J30F">federal individual income tax revenues</a>, $9 billion would be a good ballpark estimate for the loss to state governments.<br /></p><p>The third area is tax evasion, both corporate and personal, the illegal stuff: Non-reporting, non-payment, underreporting, underpayment, hiding assets in tax havens and not declaring the income based on them, and much more. The <a href="https://fortune.com/2016/04/29/tax-evasion-cost/">IRS estimated</a> the tax gap, the difference between tax owed and tax paid, to be $450 billion in 2006 and $458 billion on average for 2008-2010. The Treasury Department, extrapolating from the most recent IRS estimate covering 2011-2013, estimated the 2019 gross tax gap (before late payments and enforcement actions) of <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/The-American-Families-Plan-Tax-Compliance-Agenda.pdf">$584 billion</a>, which comes to 2.7% of 2019 gross domestic product.</p><p>In the June 9th <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/opinion/politics/irs-tax-evasion-geithner-lew-paulson-summers-rubin.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage"><i>New York Times</i></a>, five Treasury Secretaries (four Democrats and one Republican) point out that the Internal Revenue Service today has the lowest number of auditors in the postwar era. That shows just how much the agency has been crippled, by design, in its ability to fight tax evasion. The authors all endorse <a href="https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/The-American-Families-Plan-Tax-Compliance-Agenda.pdf">President Biden's proposal</a> to spend $80 billion over the next decade to step up enforcement and improve the general quality of service at the IRS. It's worth noting that we don't know whether something is "perfectly legal" unless a tax return is audited. Plenty of corporations and individuals push the envelope and chalk up losses as a cost of doing business. And with audit rates falling in recent years, that cost is similarly falling.<br /></p><p>You will notice that tax evasion is the biggest piece of the pie. Although no one thinks $8 billion a year will wipe out the tax gap, putting money into enforcement has a strong return on investment. I wonder if maybe even more money should go into it.</p><p>This was a great week on the tax front: A gigantic expose on the tax system the 1% enjoy, a potential landmark deal on corporate taxes, and a prominent bipartisan push for fighting tax evasion. We have to convert all three into concrete wins, but we've got to remember to celebrate the small successes along the way, too.<br /></p>Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-15060171415867295542020-10-13T15:34:00.000-04:002020-10-13T15:34:01.999-04:00Update on Boeing Subsidies<p>
</p><p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Whaddaya know? Just four days after
<a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/10/boeing-moves-more-jobs-from-washington.html">I
mentioned</a> that Boeing did not repay the billions it had already received
from the 2003 Washington subsidy package (h/t Greg LeRoy), the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/13/business/economy/boeing-europe-tariffs-trade.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage">World
Trade Organization approved</a> EU retaliation for these subsidies in the form
of $4 billion per year of tariffs on U.S. goods.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> Predictably, Boeing and the U.S.
government are crying foul, saying it wasn’t fair to allow tariffs on a subsidy
that had already been terminated, but not acknowledging that the company had
already received about ¾ of the tax breaks the state provided for in 2003, or
approximately $2.4 billion in nominal terms at the originally reported figure
of $160 million per year. Note that the <i>Times</i> continues to report this
figure as $100 million per year, while <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/20/washington-state-moves-to-drop-boeing-tax-break-to-head-off-eu-tariffs.html">CNBC</a>
reported that the company saved $200 million in 2018 due to the tax breaks, so
YMMV. In any event, it’s still a lot of money.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> Moreover, when Boeing announced the
end of 787 production in Washington, <a href="https://www.governor.wa.gov/news-media/inslee-statement-boeings-decision-move-787-production-south-carolina">Governor
Jay Inslee said</a> that the company’s “favorable tax treatment” in the state
needed to be reconsidered. According to the <i>Seattle Times</i>, the main tax
breaks saved the company <a href="https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/responsible-or-divisive-gov-inslee-defends-his-call-for-a-hard-look-at-boeings-tax-breaks/">$1.4
billion</a> in 2014-2019. You can see why the European Union and Airbus
complain that Boeing is still being subsidized.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Don’t forget that Airbus is also subsidized. The
WTO authorized the United States to impose <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/13/business/economy/boeing-europe-tariffs-trade.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage">$7.5
billion in tariffs</a> annually on EU products over “launch aid” given to
Airbus in the form of low-interest loans and about $4 billion in grants. As
several of the <i>New York Times</i> interviewees noted, the dueling,
WTO-approved tariffs may finally create the impetus to negotiate an end to the
Boeing-Airbus subsidy war. Time will tell.</span></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></p>Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-65457172563554254752020-10-09T17:37:00.001-04:002020-10-12T19:03:52.625-04:00Boeing Moves More Jobs from Washington State to South Carolina<p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
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</p><p>As <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-to-move-all-787-dreamliner-production-to-south-carolina-11601425533">first reported</a> in <i>The Wall
Street Journal</i>, Boeing is ending production of the 787 Dreamliner at
Everett, Washington, and moving it to its newer facility in North Charleston,
South Carolina. The company <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/boeing-787/boeing-to-move-787-production-to-south-carolina-in-2021-idUSKBN26N08Y">says</a> this is
the most efficient approach to reducing
production of the jet from 10 per year to six per year in response to
falling demand due to the coronavirus pandemic. </p>
<p>Moving production to South Carolina means that <a href="https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeings-787-decision-shows-tax-breaks-dont-buy-happiness/">more than 1,000</a> Boeing workers at its
Everett plant will likely lose their jobs as they no longer have a model to
build.</p>
<p>This development marks the latest step in Boeing's long-term assault on its
unionized Washington workforce. When the state legislature there approved its
$3.2 billion ($2 billion present value) subsidy deal for the 787 in 2003, <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2013/12/americas-most-wanted-boeing.html">legislators there</a> were under the impression
that they had “won” the project, that Boeing was now required to build all 787s
in Washington. They were shocked and angered when the company announced that it
would set up another assembly line in “right-to-work” South Carolina, complete
with some $900 million in incentives, creating a plant that remains non-union
to this day.</p>
<p>In large part, this new move became possible because <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/02/wow-boeing-asks-for-end-of-washington.html">this February</a>, the company asked Washington
to end the 2003 subsidy package, which had been ruled an unlawful subsidy by
the World Trade Organization and upheld by WTO's <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds353_e.htm">Appellate Body</a> (click on "Summary of key findings") in 2012. After getting
hammered by the European Union in WTO compliance proceedings, Boeing decided it
would clean its slate to be better positioned to attack EU-based Airbus for the
subsidies <i>it</i> has received. The <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds353_e.htm">United States notified</a> the WTO Dispute Settlement Body in May that Washington had
terminated the subsidies in March. With no subsidy from Washington, the company
no longer felt obligated to produce any 787s there. Note that there has been no
indication that Boeing gave back the approximately $160 million a year it had
received already under the 2003 subsidy deal.</p>
<p><a href="https://businessfacilities.com/2020/10/boeing-to-consolidate-787-production-in-south-carolina-in-2021/">According to the company</a>, it did not
receive any incentives to bring the remaining 787 production to South Carolina.
That would be the right approach for Boeing to take if it wants to avoid
further hassle with the World Trade Organization. Of course, we have seen
plenty of examples where subsidies have been discovered long after a project
was first announced. Think <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2018/11/amazon-wins.html">Foxconn</a> in
Wisconsin or <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2013/05/mississippi-sets-record-for-unreported.html">Nissan</a> in Mississippi. Call
me cynical, but I wouldn't put it past Boeing to find a way to get a subsidy
for the “new” jobs in South Carolina. After all, from 2003-2012, the company
had net <a href="https://clawback.org/2013/12/06/how-boeing-pilots-inequality/"><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 1;"><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 2;"><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 3;">negative state income taxes</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 1;"><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 2;"><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 3;"> overall nationally.</span></span></span><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 2;"><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 3;"><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a class="msocomanchor" href="#_msocom_1" id="_anchor_1" name="_msoanchor_1"></a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 3;"><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a class="msocomanchor" href="#_msocom_2" id="_anchor_2" name="_msoanchor_2"></a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"></span></span></span></span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 8pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a class="msocomanchor" href="#_msocom_3" id="_anchor_3" name="_msoanchor_3"></a><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"></span></span></span></p>
<p>Between the runaway jobs and the World Trade Organization subsidy rulings,
if there were ever a time and a company calling for no development subsidies, Boeing
is it in 2020.</p>
Cross-posted with Good Jobs First.<br /><p>Thanks to Greg LeRoy for suggesting this article and for editorial improvements.<br /></p>Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-41371190527211592272020-09-15T21:48:00.000-04:002020-09-15T21:48:05.917-04:00Report Shows Huge Cost of Tax Breaks to South Carolina Public Schools -- Up 31% in Two Years<p> My colleagues at <a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org">Good Jobs First</a> released a <a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/news/releases/south-carolinas-public-schools-lose-big-corporate-tax-break-giveaways">new report</a> today showing that South Carolina public schools are losing high, and rapidly rising, amounts of potential revenue to property tax abatements controlled solely by county governments.</p><p>Thanks to Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2015/08/final-subsidy-accounting-rules-published.html">Statement #77</a> adopted in 2015, governments that passively lose income to "tax abatements" are required, in their Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports, or CAFRs, to list the total losses annually. Passive losses occur when they are the result of the actions of another governmental unit. The most common scenario for this comes about when a municipal or county government gives a property tax break to a company, and overlaying taxing units (school, library, or ambulance districts, for example) are required to also waive their portion of the property taxes abated.</p><p><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://goodjobsfirst.org/sites/default/files/docs/pdfs/Revenue%20Impact%20on%20SC%20Schools.pdf">“The Revenue Impact of Corporate Tax Incentives on South Carolina Public Schools”</a> </span></span></span>shows that in South Carolina, these passive losses are happening with a vengeance. The state's public school districts collectively lost a total of $423 million to property tax abatements in fiscal year (FY) 2019. That's 31% more than in 2017, an absolute increase of $99 million in just two years.</p><p>Some of the biggest losses were in the poorest school districts, as measured by the percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-rate lunches. Six of these districts lost more than $2000 per student, including four that had majority Black plus Latino student populations.</p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">“Our
members struggle to teach in crumbling schools with poor heating and
cooling systems and a lack of reliable internet connections,” said
South Carolina Education Association President Sherry East. “It baffles
me to continuously hear we don’t have enough money to fund our schools,
yet this report shows we are diverting huge pots of money that could be
available if we just consider tax reform in South Carolina.” (From the Good Jobs First press release.)<br /></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> This situation has been developing for over 20 years. Reporter <a href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1999-10-12-9910120011-story.html">Jay Hancock</a> of <i>The Baltimore Sun</i> described South Carolina in 1999 as having "crumbling" schools that sometimes flooded in rainstorms. Despite the problems apparent even then, the state has continued to be an aggressive pursuer of new companies (<a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2011/09/boeing-in-south-carolina-huge-subsidies.html">Boeing</a> and <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2011/09/100-million-incentive-packages-us-13-eu.html">Alenia/Vought</a> are two Megadeal-sized example).</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">What can be done? The report's top recommendation is to exclude school districts from any incentive deal. This is what California did in <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2015/08/basics-tax-increment-financing-subsidies.html">2012-2014</a> when then-Governor Jerry Brown spearheaded the abolition of tax increment financing (TIF) and signed off on a much-modified version that prohibited the use of school funds in TIFs, as well as allowing all other overlaying jurisdictions to opt out.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The second recommendation is to cap the duration (currently up to 40 years!) and cost of tax abatements, to at least reduce their outsize impact on schools. Finally, better transparency from county and municipal governments on the costs and outcome measures of subsidies can lead to improved policy in the future.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The research here is part of Good Jobs First's updating of its landmark 2018 report, <a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/news/releases/subsidies-cost-schools-least-18-billion-last-year"><i>The New Math on School Finance</i></a>, which was the first to use GASB-77 data to address the impact of tax incentives on school budgets.</span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span face="Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Note to the reader: I was not part of this research. But stay tuned...<br /></span></span></span></span></p>Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-54046603271596974762020-07-16T07:22:00.001-04:002020-09-28T11:59:33.682-04:00Apple skates on Irish taxes -- for now CORRECTED<p>On Wednesday, July 15, the European Union's <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-wins-major-tax-battle-against-eu-11594804634">General Court overturned</a> a European Commission decision from 2016 that found Apple's tax arrangements with Ireland to constitute an <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2016/08/european-commission-orders-apple-to.html">illegal award of state aid</a> (subsidies) that was incompatible with the common market, ordering the company to pay back <span face=""calibri" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt;">€</span>13 billion plus interest to the Irish government. As it has been almost four years since the Commission decision, let me refresh your memory on what brought about that outcome.<br />
<br />
The Commission found that, as a result of <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2016/07/a-bet-with-tim-worstall-on-apples-state.html">negotiated advance pricing arrangements</a> (APAs), Apple paid an effective tax rate of 1% in 2003 and just 0.005% in 2014. Since Ireland's official corporate income tax rate is 12.5%, these figures are more than a little concerning. Yet the General Court ruled the Commission had not proved that Ireland had given an advantage to Apple that it didn't give to other countries.<br />
<br />
IANAL, but this is insane. As noted above, the APAs were <i>negotiated</i>, hence it is hard to see how other companies could have gotten the same deal. I'd like to hear what other firms have the right to pay just 0.005% of their profits in corporate income tax.<br />
<br />
As <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2016/07/a-bet-with-tim-worstall-on-apples-state.html">I showed in 201</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">6</a> just prior to the Commission decision, what was negotiated as the profit determination for the two Apple subsidiaries "non-resident" in Ireland, that is, Apple Operations Europe and Apple Sales International, had no reference to actual sales of these subsidiaries. Rather than defining "profit" as sales - costs, there was a very convoluted formula based solely on expenses, thereby making the "profit" subject to tax something very different from profit.<br />
<br />
Then there's the question of these "non-resident" companies. According to the <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, "Ireland contended however that its tax rulings “did not depart from
‘normal’ taxation” because it had merely followed a portion of Irish tax
code that says nonresident companies shouldn’t pay income tax on profit
that isn’t generated in Ireland." Wait a darn minute! Anywhere but Ireland, a "non-resident" company is one incorporated in some other country. Apple, Inc., the parent company, is non-resident in Ireland. But Apple Operations Europe and Apple Sales International are both incorporated in Ireland, and merely managed from abroad. Ireland, contrary to the practice of any other country I'm aware of (and God help us if this practice spreads to other countries!), classifies corporations with this bizarre form of organization as non-resident for tax purposes even though they are domestic corporations by ownership. Ireland had to affirmatively create such a form of organization in order to establish a corporate form that is not taxable in any country. It is this creation of a tax-immune corporate structure that makes Ireland destructive to the world economy, a "fiscal termite" in the evocative phrase of retired International Monetary Fund economist Vito Tanzi.<br />
<br />
One last point from the <i>Journal</i>: "Those rulings [the APAs] allowed two Irish-registered Apple units to attribute only
a small sliver of some $130 billion in profit to Ireland in an 11-year
period. The commission said all that revenue should be attributed to
Ireland, but the Irish government and Apple say they split the profit
reasonably, given that almost all of Apple’s intellectual property is
developed in the U.S., not Ireland." No, no, no, no, no! These two Irish-incorporated "non-resident" subsidiaries actually own gigantic swathes of Apple's intellectual property, that is, the patents, copyrights, etc., embedded in Apple products. By virtue of owning this intellectual property and charging royalties to other subsidiaries for the right to use it, these subsidiaries stripped $130 billion in profits from Apple units in the rest of the world, transferring them to low-tax Ireland. To try to then turn around and claim that the profits based on ownership should be massively diluted because the software was designed in the USA makes a travesty of the very concept of ownership. The intellectual inconsistency of the Apple/Irish government position takes your breath away.<br />
<br />
What happens next? <strike>According to the <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53416206">BBC</a>, the Commission has 14 days to appeal this decision to the European Court of Justice, the EU's equivalent to the U.S. Supreme Court.</strike> Since I think the Commission's decision was correct, I hope it appeals. <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/6cc18c26-04e0-410d-9c0a-3f1baf1a1685">The Commission was upheld</a> by the General Court on a similar case involving Fiat Chrysler in Luxembourg, but overturned by the General Court last year on another similar case involving Starbucks and the Netherlands. We'll know soon if the appeal happens.<br />
<br />
In addition, as <a href="https://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2020/07/15/apple-beats-the-eu-for-now-and-the-eu-begins-to-fight-back/">Richard Murphy</a> points out, the Commission is now very far advanced in discussion of an alternative tool to get around the fact that unanimity is required for EU decisions regarding direct taxation, which includes corporate income tax. As it stands, a single country (read: Ireland) can block changes such as a minimum level of corporate income tax rate that would exist throughout the European Union. However, if the <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/6cc18c26-04e0-410d-9c0a-3f1baf1a1685">Commission adopts rules</a> under Article 116 of the EU Treaty that allows it to correct distortions in the Single Market, these would require only a qualified majority vote rather than unanimity. But this approach, too, would certainly be challenged at the European Court of Justice by Ireland and other low-tax Member States.<br />
<br />
Score this round for the tax avoiders. May they not prevail in the end.</p><p></p><p>CORRECTION: The BBC was incorrect in stating that the Commission had 14 days to appeal. In fact, <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_20_1746">the Commission announced</a> Friday, September 25, that it would appeal the decision. New post to follow.<br />
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<br />
Unfortunately, as I've <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/06/40000-us-covid-19-deaths-in-may-swedish.html">reported here</a>, this has had the effect that Sweden has one of the highest death rates per capita in the world, at 465 deaths per million (DPM) as of its <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/">June 8th</a> reporting. This is an increase of 29 DPM in just the last week which, as I predicted on June 2, let it pass France for the world's fifth deadliest outbreak. By way of comparison, only five countries in all of Asia have a higher death rate over the entire COVID-19 outbreak than Sweden has had in a week. The highest death rate among Sweden's Nordic neighbors is 102 DPM in Denmark. The lowest Nordic death rate is Iceland's 29 DPM. Finland and Norway fall in between at 58 DPM and 44 DPM, respectively.<br />
<br />
Now, per the Bloomberg article, Tegnell says Sweden's approach for a future pandemic should "land somewhere between what Sweden did and what the rest of the world has done." The lack of specificity did not go unnoticed by Lena Hallengren, minister for health and social affairs. She complained that Tegnell had not said what else the country should have done.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, in the United States, all the states are relaxing their previous restrictions, though some much more rapidly than others. While the country has now had several days in a row with fewer than 1,000 deaths, it still has about 20,000 new cases daily. Between states' rush to open up and the massive Black Lives Matter protests, I think we will see a spike in new cases shortly.<br />
<br />
Back in Sweden, Prime Minister Stefan Lofven has promised a full investigation into the Tegnell-designed pandemic response and resulting death toll. Stay tuned.Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-39666065617034196332020-06-02T04:04:00.000-04:002020-06-02T04:04:30.611-04:0040,000+ US COVID-19 deaths in May; Swedish model looking ever worseMay brought no solace to the world, or to conservative claims about COVID-19. Another 40,000 deaths in the United States put the lie to Trump's claim that the country is doing great, while he simultaneously takes no responsibility for his weeks and weeks of denial and downplaying the pandemic. The <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/">U.S. death toll</a> now stands at over 106,000. Sweden, for the first time in its modern history the darling of conservatives, shot up the chart in terms of its death rate. Conservative-run United Kingdom did almost as badly as Sweden in May.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">DPM May 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">DPM June 1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">DPM Increase</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Belgium</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">665</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">819</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">+ 154</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Spain</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">531</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">580</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>49</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">United Kingdom</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">405</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">575</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">+ 170</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Italy</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">467</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">554</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">+ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>87</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">France</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">377</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">442</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>65</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sweden</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">263</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">436</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">+ 173</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Netherlands</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">286</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">348</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>62</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ireland</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">256</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">334</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>78</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">United States</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">199</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">323</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">+ 124</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Switzerland</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">203</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">222</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>19</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.75pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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The 10* worst-performing countries by deaths per million have remained the same over the last month, but their ranking has changed. As noted in an update to my <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/05/us-has-10th-worst-covid-19-death-rate.html">last post</a> on the pandemic, the United States passed Switzerland on May 3. At current rates, it will pass Ireland and the Netherlands in coming weeks, and Ireland will also pass the Netherlands. Over the course of May, Sweden quickly passed the Netherlands and left it in the dust. It will pass France soon. The United Kingdom leapfrogged Italy and is set to take the #2 spot from Spain within a week.<br />
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As I mentioned last time (link above), while conservatives have lauded Sweden's refusal to go for a hard lockdown, we can see that Sweden had the highest increase in deaths per million people over the last month. Now, instead of having 64 more deaths per million than the United States, the gap has grown to 113 per million. That would equate to an extra 37,380 deaths if the United States were doing as poorly as Sweden.<br />
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The global toll is worse still. Not only are there now 377,000 deaths worldwide, but the number of new daily infections shows a <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/">fairly steady increase</a> since April 1, rising from about 75,000 new cases globally per day then to about 100,000 new cases per day on June 1. In the same period, daily deaths have fallen from about 5,000 to 3,000. Unfortunately, deaths are a lagging indicator, and the epidemic is now revving up in developing countries such as Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador. The latter has already risen to #12 with 194 deaths per million officially, and a <i>New York Times</i> <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/world/americas/ecuador-deaths-coronavirus.html">analysis on April 23</a> suggested that the true death toll was 15 times higher as hospitals had been overwhelmed and the dead were overflowing the country's emergency rooms and morgues.<br />
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As if all this isn't bad enough, Trump <strike>fiddles</strike> pours on the gasoline as the U.S. burns, in an attempt to consolidate his <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/02/the-dictatorship-is-here.html">dictatorship</a> now, before elections interfere with his project. I'll be writing about this very soon.<br />
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* Excluding microstates (San Marino, Andorra) and dependencies (Sint Maarten, Isle of Man, Channel Islands, Montserrat).Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-55347897588100353082020-05-07T18:09:00.000-04:002020-05-07T18:09:52.063-04:00Department of "Justice" Moves to Drop Case Against Flynn<a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/flynn-brandon-van-grack-qithdrawal">Talking Points Memo</a>, and I'm sure every other news organization in the country, is reporting the bombshell move by the Bill Barr DOJ to drop the case against former National Security Adviser Michael Flynn for lying to FBI investigators, to which Flynn pleaded guilty over two years ago, in December 2017. According to the filing, the DOJ is now alleging that Flynn's statements were not "material even if untrue." It claims there was no legitimate reason for investigating Flynn, despite his making five phone calls to the Russian ambassador and lying about them.<br />
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The filing goes on to repeat all the rancid nonsense our so-called President has been making about the investigation, particularly targeting the FBI, then-Director James Comey, and of course FBI agents Peter Strzok and Lisa Page. Jesus fucking Christ! There really is nothing so low this regime won't do. Barr and his minions have put an exclamation point on the complete perversion of justice I <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/02/the-dictatorship-is-here.html">highlighted</a> in February.<br />
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As you can tell by the fact that I am breaking my own commenting rules, I am gobsmacked, speechless, and enraged. The would-be dictator continues to trash the rule of law in this country, and there are still 180 days left until the November election.<br />
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Judge Emmet Sullivan, who has presided over this case, does not have to accept the DOJ recommendation. I pray that he does not. You know, it might be worthwhile if Special Counsel Robert Mueller said something about the methodical lying about, and undoing of his investigation. That he has been silent this long is disgraceful. He swore to uphold the Constitution and it's being violated in plain sight.<br />
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You can see the entire filing at TPM. You can read it if you're a masochist or more detail-oriented than I am. I'm not going to tempt my blood pressure any more than necessary.<br />
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I'm sorry I can't be any more coherent than this. This is Saturday Night Massacre level lawlessness now. We're in the fight of our lives to save America.Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-78410381544122393802020-05-01T23:10:00.000-04:002020-05-03T13:28:44.508-04:00US has 9th* worst COVID-19 death rate in the world: WTH is Trump thinking? UPDATEDIn a <a href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/5/1/1941868/-Data-be-damned-Trump-touts-very-strong-U-S-death-totals-per-million-Americans#comment_77208685">press conference</a> on Thursday, April 30, the head of the illegitimate Trump regime said, "Our death totals, our numbers, per million people, are really very, very strong. We're very proud of the job we've done." Okay, we know he lies all the time, but this is ridiculous.<br />
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The United States has the <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/">9th* worst COVID-19 death rate</a> in the world! At 199 per million population as of 8:00pm EDT May 1, it is exceeded by only Belgium (665**), Spain (531), Italy (467), the United Kingdom (405), France (377), the Netherlands (286), Sweden (263), Ireland (256), and Switzerland (203). At recent rates, the United States will pass Switzerland to take the 9th worst spot within a week. How is this a record to be proud of?<br />
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Meanwhile, conservative darling Sweden (the first time Sweden has been a conservative darling!) is zooming up the list, and is doing far worse than its Nordic neighbors Denmark (79), Norway (39), Finland (39), and Iceland (29).<br />
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The global average death rate is 30.7 per million; the U.S. figure is more than six times that. Even if you doubt China's numbers (only 4,633 deaths, 3 per million), the figure when you remove China is still only 37, leaving the United States at more than five times the world average.<br />
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With such a wide divergence between the U.S. and world averages, it is not surprising that there are many countries with much lower death rates than the United States. Notable are Canada (90), Brazil (30), Mexico (14), Japan (4), Australia (4), India (0.9), and Taiwan (0.3). Moreover, Vietnam, with a population of 95 million, has had zero deaths. And we're supposed to think the United States is doing well?<br />
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Why is Sweden suddenly a conservative darling? Because it has not locked itself down like most of the rest of the world. As shown above, however, not only does it have a substantially worse death rate than the United States (its extra 64 deaths per million would translate to another 21,056 U.S. deaths), but it doing drastically worse than its most similar neighbors. Why Sweden is considered a success by conservatives is beyond me.<br />
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Georgia's reopening of the state beginning April 24 has generated <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/04/why-georgia-reopening-coronavirus-pandemic/610882/">substantial controversy</a>. One reason this is surprising is that Georgia has a death rate of 113 per million, sixteenth highest in the country, three times the world average. One <a href="https://heathercoxrichardson.substack.com/p/april-21-2020">leading theory</a> for the end of Georgia's lockdown is that it will force workers to go back to work or lose their unemployment benefits. It is certainly not a medical decision, given the state's <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/04/why-georgia-reopening-coronavirus-pandemic/610882/">low level of testing</a> and <a href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6">inconsistent case decline</a> (click on "daily cases" in the right bottom corner).<br />
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Don't be fooled by the goalpost moving, which we're going to see over and over as the death rate rises. The U.S. response to the coronavirus isn't "very, very strong" just because it isn't the worst in the world. No, this is just one more aspect of "winning" to get tired of.<br />
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P.S. While I was writing this, Rachel Maddow did a great segment on the sidelining of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This is definitely a worrisome development to keep our eyes on.<br />
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* Excluding microstates (San Marino, Andorra) and dependencies (Sint Maarten, Isle of Man, Channel Islands, <strike>Montserrat</strike>).<br />
** Unlike other countries, Belgium likely overcounts deaths rather than undercounting them. As <i>The Independent</i> <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/coronavirus-belgium-death-toll-lockdown-trump-who-uk-spain-italy-a9494186.html">notes</a>: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
According to Belgium’s <a class="body-link" data-vars-event-id="c6" data-vars-item-name="BL-9494186-https://www.info-coronavirus.be/en/news/" href="https://www.info-coronavirus.be/en/news/">Federal Public Service for Health</a>, just 46 per cent of the country’s total official deaths were in hospitals where coronavirus cases were confirmed. But <a class="body-link" data-vars-event-id="c6" data-vars-item-name="BL-9494186-https://epidemio.wiv-isp.be/ID/Documents/Covid19/Derni%C3%A8re%20mise%20%C3%A0%20jour%20de%20la%20situation%20%C3%A9pid%C3%A9miologique.pdf" href="https://epidemio.wiv-isp.be/ID/Documents/Covid19/Derni%C3%A8re%20mise%20%C3%A0%20jour%20de%20la%20situation%20%C3%A9pid%C3%A9miologique.pdf">53 per cent of the Belgian tally, or 4,100 people</a>, were from care homes, and of these, 84 per cent are suspected but unconfirmed coronavirus deaths.</blockquote>
A University of Ghent virologist, Steven van Gucht, therefore says that to compare Belgium with other countries, one should "divide by two." Of course, even a 332 per million death rate is a very poor outcome. Moreover, the better other countries do at incorporating non-hospital deaths into their data, the less Belgium's death rate should be cut to be comparable.<br />
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UPDATE: On May 3, the United States passed Switzerland to move into the 9th-worst spot. Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-32185216312704776362020-04-17T08:35:00.000-04:002020-04-17T08:35:04.176-04:00Comparative Responses to the Economic Aspects of the Crisis Show Many Drawbacks in USA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The global COVID-19 pandemic has
created an associated economic crisis as many businesses have been forced to
close because of lack of demand (travel, for example) or social distancing (too
many to list). With predictions of a </span><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/coronavirus-job-losses-could-total-47-million-unemployment-rate-may-n1172111?cid=public-rss_20200403"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">possible 32%
unemployment rate</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">
in the United States, how does the response to the economic crisis here compare
with those of other countries?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Both the United States and our
major European allies have passed economic stimulus laws that exceed 10% of
gross domestic product. The $2.2 trillion </span><a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/leonlabrecque/2020/03/29/the-cares-act-has-passed-here-are-the-highlights/#4cc0e1d168cd"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">CARES Act</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> package signed
March 27 was 10.1% of </span><a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2019 GDP</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> of $21.7
trillion. Spain passed an even larger package, equaling 20% of its GDP.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">We can think of the CARES Act as
having three main components. First, there are individual safety-net supports,
including the $1,200 payments most individual adults will received, more money
into the SNAP (formerly named Food Stamp) program, and greatly expanded
unemployment insurance. Second, there are $350 billion in forgivable loans for
small business, which become grants if the companies don’t lay off their
employees (the “Paycheck Protection Plan”). Third, there is a $500 billion
bailout fund for large companies. This is poorly designed, most importantly
because it doesn’t require companies to maintain staff. </span><a href="https://www.epi.org/press/in-the-last-four-weeks-more-than-20-million-workers-applied-for-unemployment-insurance-benefits/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Over 20 million</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> people have filed
for unemployment benefits in the last four weeks alone.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Besides the catastrophic loss of
wages, the biggest problem with allowing bailed-out companies to lay off staff
is that such a large percentage of the U.S. workforce gets its health insurance
through work, meaning that when they lose their jobs, they also lose their
health insurance. As </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/opinion/coronavirus-economy-saez-zucman.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Saez and Zucman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> point out, people
can continue their employer’s insurance under COBRA, but it is extremely
expensive since there is no employer contribution. This comes precisely at a
time when they may really need it, given the length and ruinous expense of
treatment incurred for people with severe cases of COVID-19. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">By contrast, in all western
European countries (as well as Canada, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, etc.) health
insurance is universal. Even in a country with a public/private system like
Germany, when you lose your insurance due to job loss, you transition
seamlessly to a public health insurance plan with no loss of coverage.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">European responses have focused
much more on a wage-support approach like the small business program in the
United States, except applied economy-wide. The U.K. government has been
described as the “payer of last resort,” as it stands to </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/opinion/coronavirus-economy-saez-zucman.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">guarantee 80%</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> of workers’ wages
indefinitely. For both employees and the self-employed, this would be capped at
£ 2,500 (approximately $3,125) per month. Given that the United Kingdom has the
National Health Service, a true socialized medicine system completely divorced
from employment status, layoffs were never going to mean a loss of health care
access for workers in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But by guaranteeing
employment, the United Kingdom will have higher levels of job security than
U.S. workers will, with jobs to go back to when the crisis ends. Indeed, the
problem in the United States is not simply health insurance, but the fact that
each of the 50 states </span><a href="https://www.nelp.org/publication/unemployment-insurance-protections-response-covid-19-state-developments/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">has different
rules</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">
for unemployment insurance, with inter-state variation both in the generosity and
length of payments in the different programs.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">An important difference between
wage support in Europe and for small business in the United States is that the
European plans are open-ended, whereas the U.S. plan must be renewed with
Congressional legislation every time it runs out of money. This opens the
possibility of deadlocks if attempts are made to attach unrelated provisions to
an extension bill, something that happens frequently in Congress. And this is
no longer a prediction, because the $350 billion </span><a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/paycheck-protection-loan-out-of-money"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">ran out on April
16</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Absent federal leadership, we also expect
“the economic war among the states” to resume, with each state offering
subsidies trying to attract investment, in some cases through job piracy. From
our experience during the Great Recession (when there were far more desperate
politicians chasing far fewer deals), we can expect to see another surge in expensive
megadeals.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Facing high unemployment and
relatively few opportunities to attract large numbers of jobs, states will bid
more for those opportunities than they would in more prosperous times. States
will be tempted to engage in job piracy in many multi-state metropolitan areas,
such as </span><a href="http://www.goodjobsfirst.org/sites/default/files/docs/pdf/shellgame.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">New York,
Charlotte, and Memphis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">We need to remind states about the
first-ever binding anti-piracy agreement, the 2019 accord between Kansas and
Missouri, where research by the Hall Family Foundation had documented that the
two states wasted </span><a href="https://www.kansas.com/news/politics-government/article233437437.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">$335 million over 10
years</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">
moving companies short distances but across the state line within Greater
Kansas City. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">It is imperative that we support
the anti-piracy legislation pending in </span><a href="https://www.taxnotes.com/tax-notes-today-state/tax-preference-items-and-incentives/states-push-cooperation-over-competition/2020/03/10/2c7fh"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">13 states</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> this year,
sponsored by Chicago-based Progressive Public Affairs, which has amassed lead
sponsors from both parties (nine states have Democratic sponsors, while four
have Republican sponsors). And we will need to keep the pressure on states to
ensure that companies which receive government support fulfill their job and
other commitments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Given the predominance of wage
support in European countries, most of this funding will not be subject to EU
subsidy (“state aid”) rules. That’s because the money will be available
economy-wide in the Member States, not favoring one company over another. In
technical terms, this use of the funds is “non-selective,” and therefore not
state aid at all, as our contacts at the European Commission have explained. Nevertheless,
due to the large amounts of money at stake, each Member State will be
responsible to ensure that recipients maintain employment in order to qualify
for government paying their wage bills.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Some EU spending will qualify as
state aid, such as the </span><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/cases1/202011/285054_2139535_70_2.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Danish’s
government’s plan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">
to partially compensate organizers of conferences and other events that were
canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic. That is, it is selective, for being
available to one industry. To spell out such distinctions, the European
Commission published on March 19<sup>th</sup> its “</span><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/what_is_new/sa_covid19_temporary-framework.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Temporary Framework</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">” notifying Member
States about likely scenarios and whether or not it was likely to approve
subsidies the Member States might propose. (Note that the Commission has
exclusive power to approve, modify, or deny proposed state aid projects or
programs by the 27 Member States, subject to court review.) As </span><a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2011/11/state-and-local-subsidies-to-business.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">I have shown
previously</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
the European Union has shown itself much better than the United States at
controlling economic development subsidies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">As we can see, there are major
drawbacks to the U.S. response to the economic crisis. By letting people become
unemployed rather than making an open-ended wage guarantee, workers lose their
health insurance and have no assurance of a job to go back to when the health
crisis ends. High unemployment will also pressure state and local governments
to return to worst practices in economic development. There is still time to
change course, but it will take constant and high levels of political pressure
to make it happen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Cross-posted with <a href="https://www.goodjobsfirst.org/">Good Jobs First</a>. </span></div>
Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-43447533596032688162020-04-03T08:26:00.000-04:002020-04-03T08:26:18.710-04:006.6 million new unemployment claims April 2ndAs the saying goes, "Records are made to be broken." But I don't think it's too often the case that it happens at the very next opportunity. Nevertheless, one week after the United States <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/03/33-million-and-other-dubious-records.html">smashed its previous record </a>for first-time unemployment claims with just under 3.3 million, it doubled the record on April 2, with <a href="https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OPA/newsreleases/ui-claims/20200551.pdf">over 6.6 million new unemployment claims</a>, adding another 4 percentage points to the unemployment rate.<br />
<br />
After that news dropped, the <a href="https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56314?utm_source=feedblitz&utm_medium=FeedBlitzEmail&utm_content=812526&utm_campaign=Express_2020-04-02_14:30:00&utm_medium=FeedBlitzEmail&utm_content=812526&utm_campaign=Express_2020-04-02_14:30:00">Congressional Budget Office</a> (via TPM) updated its economic projections for the nation's economy. Among other things, it expects the unemployment rate to exceed 10% in the second quarter. If you remember, the peak monthly unemployment rate during the Great Recession was 10.0%, so exceeding that figure represents yet another win for Trump. So much winning!<br />
<br />
In fact, University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers, writing in <i>The New York Times</i>, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/03/upshot/coronavirus-jobless-rate-great-depression.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage">estimates</a> the <i>current</i> unemployment rate to be about 13%. This would be the highest rate reached since the Great Depression, he points out.<br />
<br />
The CBO report also expects that gross domestic product will fall by over 7% in the second quarter, an annualized rate of over 28%. "Those declines could be much larger, however," it adds. In fact, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/26/us-gdp-q4-2019-final-reading.html">Wells Fargo economists</a> are much more pessimistic and suggest a second-quarter GDP contraction of 14.3%, topping the current record for quarterly GDP drop, the 10% fall during the Eisenhower administration in 1958 Q1. So much winning!<br />
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Of course, these impacts would have been much smaller except for the illegitimate Trump regime's failed preparations and response to the COVID-19 pandemic. After two months of minimizing the outbreak and assuring us everything was under control, the federal government is still not doing anything to ensure that supplies goes to the places most in need at a fair price. Indeed, the evidence from the April 2 nightly pandemic briefing/campaign rally <a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/edblog/you-need-to-look-at-this">suggests just the opposite</a>. The federal government is flying in large amounts of needed equipment from abroad, then putting it in the hands of private companies which then force the states into bidding wars for the products! Unfortunately, my commenting rules prohibiting me from saying more; just imagine a string of obscenities.<br />
<br />
In related pandemic news, as of 7:45am EST, the <a href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6">Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Dashboard</a> shows the United States not just with the most cases in the world, but more than twice as many (245,573) as second-place Spain (117,710). The number of new daily cases continues to increase, as shown in this screenshot from the dashboard:<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /><br />
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(Click on US at the top of the country list on the left, then select daily increase in the lower right.)<br />
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Yes, on April 1, the United States topped 30,000 new cases in a day for the first time, which was just shy of 3/8 of all new cases in the world.<br />
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And the most morbid statistic for last: With over 6,000 deaths so far, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/21/upshot/coronavirus-deaths-by-country.html">doubling every 3 days</a>, the United States is set to pass both Spain and Italy in the next six days to reach the top spot for the most deaths of any country in the world.<br />
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Yes, I'm tired of all this winning. And scared, too.Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-73446661793052979132020-03-27T02:02:00.000-04:002020-03-27T02:02:43.288-04:003.3 Million!! and other dubious records for the USAI for one am getting tired of all the "winning" under the illegitimate Trump regime. Today (March 26) we hit two milestones, neither of which is cause to celebrate.<br />
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The first biggie is <a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/3-28-million-people-file-jobless-claims-smashing-previous-record-amid-covid-19-outbreak">3.28 million</a> people filed first-time claims for unemployment in the last week. To put this in perspective, with a labor force of <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-1-d&q=size+of+us+labor+force">164.6 million</a>, it means that the unemployment rate rose 2.0% in one week. To look at it another way, the previous record for most unemployment claims in a week came in 1982, during the Reagan administration, and that record was 695,000. So this week we surpassed the previous high by a factor of 4.7. For a visual representation, see the tweet below by Heidi Shierholz, the director of policy at the Economic Policy Institute:<br />
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<img alt="" 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" /><br />
<br />
This leaves me pretty speechless. So I'll just move on to the second milestone.<br />
<br />
On Thursday, the United States moved into the #1 position on the total number of <a href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6">COVID-19 cases</a> of any country in the world, passing both Italy in China in the last 24 hours. In another record, the number of new cases on March 25 was 18,100, breaking China's one-day new case record of 15,100 from February 12. (For those of you keeping score at home, that's six weeks ago!) And unfortunately, the generally rising pattern of new daily cases is continuing, per the Johns Hopkins website.<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /><br />
<br />
(Click on "US" at the top of the list of countries at the left, then click on "Daily Increase" on the chart in the lower right-hand corner.)<br />
<br />
For good measure, the number of new cases globally hit a record of 61,900 on March 25, also with a continuing upward trend.<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /><br />
<br />
This is a disaster in the making if these trends don't improve soon. I don't have a crystal ball, so all I can say is listen to the scientists.Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-79668799944497869032020-03-07T18:32:00.000-05:002020-03-07T18:32:20.514-05:00Did I say "dictatorship"?Did I say "<a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2020/02/the-dictatorship-is-here.html">dictatorship</a>"? Don't believe it's true? Here is some more evidence for those with open eyes.<br />
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<i>The New York Times</i> <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/07/us/politics/erik-prince-project-veritas.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage">reports</a> that Erik Prince, brother of Education Secretary Betsy DeVos, has since 2016 been recruiting former spies in U.S. and U.K. intelligence to help spy on organizations that oppose the illegitimate Trump administration. If you remember my linked article, this counts as "rage-inducing." And color me not surprised. Trump's authoritarian tendencies have always been in evidence for anyone paying attention.<br />
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Apparently it's not enough, as I discussed last time, to turn the Department of Justice into an organization that absolves Trump's allies and persecutes his perceived enemies. Now it's time for conservatives (and probably Trump himself, though it has not been proven at this time) to send spies into Democratic political campaigns, unions, liberal organizations, etc., in order to discredit and harass them. This story is not new historically, of course. Government and/or powerful people with close ties to government spying on citizens is a hallmark of dictatorship.<br />
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One important vector for this spying is so-called Project Veritas (the Newspeak in the conservative movement has been visible to me since at least Gingrich's 1994 "Contract with America"), the organization that first made its name by using highly deceptive (to put it mildly) <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickungar/2013/03/08/james-okeefe-pays-100000-to-acorn-employee-he-smeared-conservative-media-yawns/#6194a8ed14bd">film editing</a> to destroy the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), a group long vilified by conservatives for having the audacity to register voters in large numbers. The idea behind using Project Veritas is to combine its already-willing spies with technical competence in espionage.<br />
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The <i>Times</i> reports that the Trump Foundation made a $20,000 grant to Project Veritas in 2015. The organization's most recent budget, for 2018, was $8.7 million. Its ties to the conservative movement are deep.<br />
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This is what we are up against. The combined might of the Department of Justice and systematic spying are being deployed to ensure another four years of the illegitimate Trump regime. If we are to restore democracy in our country, we have to win big in November, with margins that make the election impossible to steal.<br />
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By the way, I am a proud former ACORN organizer myself. "The people shall rule."Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-80436286903585572832020-02-22T22:10:00.003-05:002020-02-22T22:10:55.549-05:00PBS "Frontline" episode analyzes Amazon, including HQ2The PBS series "Frontline" on February 18 broadcast a nearly two-hour investigation of Amazon, "<a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/amazon-empire/">Amazon Empire</a>: The Rise and Reign of Jeff Bezos." There were many important points to the story.<br />
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Naturally, there was coverage of the HQ2 auction, with an interview of Good Jobs First executive director Greg LeRoy, who also spoke on Amazon's early benefit of avoiding sales tax, something brick and mortar stores can't do. In fact, Amazon did not collect sales tax nationwide until <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2017/03/27/tax-free-no-more-amazon-to-begin-collecting-sales-tax-nationwide-on-april-1/#33f6b0094e59">2017</a>.<br />
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Labor relations were another important focus of the show. Amazon is infamously anti-union, one of the issues that came up after the company announced it would put half of HQ2 in New York City. Blowback on that score was one reason <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2019/02/amazon-defeated-in-new-york-more-to-come.html">Amazon pulled out</a> of that investment. Speedup and related safety issues (i.e., that it was difficult to "make quota" in the warehouse without cutting safety corners) are one more source of contention the story focused on. The company also chose to use a delivery truck that was too small for Department of Transportation regulations to apply to it, despite having thousands of drivers and their traffic accidents. The thing is, while we can easily find out how many vehicle accidents drivers for FedEx and UPS have, there is no comparable source of information for Amazon due to its avoidance of regulation.<br />
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Needless to say, Amazon has used tax haven subsidiaries to avoid paying taxes. According to <a href="https://thinkprogress.org/how-amazon-used-foreign-tax-havens-to-avoid-700-million-in-american-taxes-763ff07cd987/">Think Progress</a> in 2012, all of these subsidiaries were in Luxembourg. Its report said the company's tax arrangements under so-called "check-the-box" provisions of the U.S. tax code saved it $700 million in U.S. taxes up to that point. The European Union pursued tax agreements between Amazon and Luxembourg as an illegal state aid, ordering the company to <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_17_3701">repay €250 million</a> (<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/04/amazon-eu-tax-bill-luxembourg-deal.html">$294 million</a>) to Luxembourg in 2017.<br />
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Finally, "Frontline" covers the question of whether Facebook is a monopoly or has market power. Hilariously -- and tellingly -- company executives never use the phrase "market share," only coming as close as "market segment share." But the show interviewed numerous people who recounted what happened when Amazon suddenly stopped carrying their products, and many people were afraid to come on the show because of fear of retribution from Amazon. I recommend it highly.Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-20198490555805295502020-02-20T04:55:00.000-05:002020-02-22T20:02:57.666-05:00Wow! Boeing asks for end of Washington State subsidies UPDATED X 2<i>The New York Times</i> is <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/19/business/boeing-subsidies-wto.html?action=click&module=Latest&pgtype=Homepage">reporting</a> that Boeing Corporation has requested that the state of Washington stop providing it with tax breaks that the World Trade Organization (WTO) has on multiple occasions ruled to be an illegal subsidy under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. On February 19, State Senator Marko Liias and co-sponsors introduced a bill at the company's request to end these subsidies.<br />
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Of course, Boeing's move did not come from the goodness of the company's heart. It represents part of its maneuvering in its WTO war with Airbus. 16 years ago, the United States challenged Airbus' EU subsidies at the WTO and the European Union fired right back with a complaint against Boeing's subsidies from the state and federal government. Both won as plaintiffs and lost as defendants. (The same was true for Canada and Brazil, which alleged illegal export subsidies to Embraer and Bombardier regional jets.) <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2013/12/americas-most-wanted-boeing.html">As I noted</a> over six years ago, while the federal government had eliminated its subsidies to Boeing through NASA and the Department of Defense, the state and local subsidies were continuing merrily along. Indeed, the WTO Appellate Body <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-usa-aircraft-wto/wto-says-us-failed-to-halt-state-tax-subsidy-for-boeing-idUSKCN1R923B">affirmed this again</a> last year (h/t NYT), with the state subsidies valued at $100 million per year.<br />
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As a result, the company wants to clean its slate in order to help the United States press its case against Airbus and the unresolved issues there with EU subsidies. (Note that in the WTO, only countries have standing to file complaints; companies cannot do so.) Airbus received billions of dollars worth of subsidized loans in so-called "launch aid." This is quite an amazing dispute: Not only has it lasted ever since the World Trade Organization came into being in 1995, but a settlement to the dispute was supposed to be part of the agreements creating the WTO.<br />
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The bill is expected to pass in the current legislative session, which ends March 12. Thus, thanks to the European Union and the World Trade Organization, Washington taxpayers will save $100 million a year going forward.<br />
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Update: <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/20/washington-state-moves-to-drop-boeing-tax-break-to-head-off-eu-tariffs.html">CNBC reports</a> that the tax break saved Boeing $200 million in 2018, double the amount mentioned above.<br />
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Update 2: My colleague Kasia Tarczynska at Good Jobs First reminds me that Boeing also receives subsidies in Missouri and South Carolina. This led me back to the <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds353_e.htm">WTO's report</a> on U.S. compliance as modified by the Appellate Body. While the dispute, for whatever reason, did not include Missouri subsidies, it also covered a variety of subsidies beyond Washington state, including Industrial Revenue Bonds (IRBs) from Wichita, Kansas, and 11 subsides that comprised the <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2011/09/boeing-in-south-carolina-huge-subsidies.html">South Carolina</a> package. If I have this correct, the Dispute Panel found that the United States had not removed the state and local subsidies in Washington, while the Appellate Body added that only some of the subsidies in South Carolina were in violation of the rules, and it was unclear if Wichita's IRBs constituted a "specific subsidy" that could be sanctioned. It is possible, therefore, that Boeing may have some more cleaning up to do to get to the blank slate it wants to have when it presses against Airbus subsidies.Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-32715682580003952532020-02-12T17:55:00.001-05:002020-02-12T17:55:57.695-05:00The dictatorship is hereUnder cover of the New Hampshire primary, on February 11, 2020, the illegitimate Trump regime's Attorney General, William Barr, put an exclamation point on the corruption of the Justice Department by throwing out the <a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/stunning-former-federal-prosecutors-aghast-at-doj-reversal-in-stone-case">DOJ's sentencing recommendation</a> for Roger Stone less than 24 hours after it had been filed. Meanwhile, Trump himself says out loud that there should be further retribution against <a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/trump-muses-about-disciplinary-action-against-ousted-nsc-official-who-testified-against-him">Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman</a> for testifying before the House impeachment inquiry and today claimed in a tweet that former Special Counsel Robert Mueller <a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/exuberant-trump-piles-on-roger-stone-debacle-attacks-judge-and-ex-prosecutors-in-stones-case">lied to Congress</a>.<br />
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It was already clear this was happening when the Southern District of New York (the once "Sovereign District of New York") did not indict Rudy Giuliani despite all the evidence of his connections to the indicted Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman, and an endless stream of leaks and speculation that his indictment was days away. Now it's crystal clear: Trump associates will have their crimes minimized and eventually erased, and the DOJ will harass Trump's many perceived enemies.<br />
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It's hard for me to say something coherent about all this. Since the 2016 election, politics for me has been alternately paralyzingly depressing and rage-inducing. Yesterday, fear was added to that equation. When I graduated from college almost 42 years ago, I envisioned our country becoming a better place to live 40 years hence, fairer and more democratic than ever. Instead, as I say in my tagline, things have gotten worse for the middle class over the entire time period, and I certainly never expected that democracy would be collapsing in this and so many other countries around the world. Only the 2018 blue wave gives me any hope.<br />
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But make no mistake about it. The rule of law has ceased to exist in the United States, and we are by no means guaranteed that we will have free and fair elections in November. Trump has already been impeached for his efforts to cheat in the election, and those efforts continue because Republican politicians have sold their souls to the devil. Or Putin. Thus, we face a very concentrated 9-month fight.<br />
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In an oddly appropriate line from Harry Potter, Sir Cadogan tells the trio, "Be of stout heart, the worst is yet to come!" There is no doubt in my mind that this is true for us today. There is no time for paralysis in the next nine months. We have to remember, with Greta Thunberg, "No one is too small to make a difference." My voice alone is small, but I still have to raise it. Everyone else, with voices small and large, must raise theirs, too. We don't know the extent of the dirty tricks coming, but we will have to fight them. Democracy is a precondition to improving the lives of everyday people, and we've got to fight for it now.Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-26712470931281801692019-08-02T12:34:00.000-04:002019-08-02T19:32:22.807-04:00First-ever binding end to a border war: Missouri-Kansas UPDATEDKansas Governor Laura Kelly has just signed an executive order that prohibits state subsidies being used to move existing Missouri firms in four Missouri counties to three Kansas counties, which together make up the Kansas City metropolitan area. <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2016/04/breakthrough-in-kansas-missouri-border.html">Unlike previous voluntary no-raiding deals</a>, such as NY-NJ-CT, Council of Great Lakes Governors, and even Australia's Interstate Investment Cooperation Agreement, this is not a voluntary agreement, but one with the force of law, a first in the country's history. <br />
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The binding nature of the agreement comes from the fact that both states have legally bound themselves. <a href="https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article231423608.html">In June</a> (h/t <i>New York Times),</i> the Missouri legislature passed and the Governor signed into law restrictions on using state subsidy funds (such as Missouri Works) from being used to attract companies operating in three counties in Kansas in the Kansas City metro area. The law stipulated, however, that this would not go into effect unless Kansas passed similar binding regulations on its state subsidies (Promoting Employment Across Kansas, or PEAK) being used to attract firms on the Missouri side of the metro area. Today's action by Kansas' Kelly meets the stipulations of the Missouri law.<br />
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Kansas and Missouri have thus joined the <a href="https://shelterforce.org/2019/06/17/lessons-for-the-u-s-how-the-eu-controls-bidding-wars-for-jobs-and-investment/">European Union</a> as the only areas with legally binding no-raiding rules, anywhere in the world. Of course, the EU's provisions, based in the <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2013:209:0001:0045:EN:PDF"><i>Guidelines for Regional Aid</i></a>, cover the entire territory, whereas the Kansas-Missouri ban only applies in the Kansas City metropolitan area. However, since that's where almost all the job piracy between the two states takes place, the two states' action is truly historic.<br />
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The two states made a <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2016/04/breakthrough-in-kansas-missouri-border.html">previous attempt</a> at a binding agreement in 2014-16: Missouri passed a similar law to this year's in 2014, but Kansas' last-minute law just before a 2016 deadline in the Missouri law precipitated a stalemate, and no new deal was made until this year.<br />
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It should be remembered that an agreement of this type has been advocated for by a number of companies in the region, notably Hallmark and the Hall Family Foundation. Their work uncovered the hundreds of millions of dollars that had gone into the border war and led to pressure being put on both state governments to end the madness.Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6685155377705481833.post-44067065669950910102019-06-24T04:40:00.000-04:002019-06-24T04:40:15.386-04:00New article in Shelterforce highlights EU state aid rulesGreg LeRoy and I have written an article at <a href="https://shelterforce.org/2019/06/17/lessons-for-the-u-s-how-the-eu-controls-bidding-wars-for-jobs-and-investment/">Shelterforce</a> explaining the basics of the European Union's rules governing subsidies, or "state aid" in EU-speak. As the article is ungated, and regular readers will remember much of the detail, I will not quote it here. Suffice it to say that the continuing reverberations of <a href="https://www.middleclasspoliticaleconomist.com/2019/02/amazon-defeated-in-new-york-more-to-come.html">Amazon's HQ2</a> project have opened space to shine a brighter light on economic development subsidies.<br />
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In addition, Tim Bartik of the Upjohn Institute has a <a href="https://twitter.com/TimBartik/status/1141143525951717377">series of thoughtful tweets</a> commenting on our article. His one reservation with the EU approach appears to be that even with the scaling down of the maximum subsidy allowed for large projects, the amount allowable might still be too high. If I'm not reading too much into his comments, it seems he would favor an absolute dollar cap on subsidies for the largest projects. He also admits in his counterfactual analysis of Foxconn in Wisconsin that the Racine/Kenosha area wouldn't be eligible for the highest level of incentives under the EU rules, so his scenario of a $1.7 billion subsidy being possible isn't fully accurate. In fact, it looks to me that Kenosha and Racine counties are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wisconsin_locations_by_per_capita_income">just slightly below</a> the national average for income per capita, and certainly not less than 75% of the average, the key figure that would make an EU region able to have even a 25% regional aid maximum.* The next highest aid maximum allowed in the European Union is 15%, and 34% of that (the scaling factor for investment over 100 million euros) is just 5.1%. Thus, a $10 billion Foxconn project would be eligible at most for a tad over $510 million in subsidies, not $1.7 billion.<br />
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I'd love to hear your take on our article. <br />
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* More technically, a per capita GDP below 75% of the EU average is required for designation as a "107(3)(a) area," named for the treaty paragraph it is listed in. See <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2013:209:0001:0045:EN:PDF">Regional Aid Guidelines for 2014-2020</a>, paragraph 150. 25% is the lowest aid maximum in a 107(3)(a) area, while 15% is the highest aid maximum in a 107(3)(c) area, available to regions between 75% and 100% of the EU average, plus a few exceptional situations such as very low population density.Kenneth Thomashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05747704671007690674noreply@blogger.com0